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| Jean-Baptiste Isabey, View of Meudon in 1791, Louvre https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chateau_vieux_de_meudon_isabey_1791_louis_xvii.JPG |
In Paris there were two further components to the allegations that human skins were being tanned for leather. Firstly, the charge of wearing trousers or boots made from human hide was extended from the generals in the Vendée to their civilian colleagues in the Convention. Secondly there were persistent rumours, whether spontaneous or orchestrated, that a secret tannery had been set up at Meudon with the express purpose of processing human leather to equip the soldiers of the Republic. Here we can afford to be more robust in our conclusions - there is no real evidence; it was all just nonsense, most of it malicious.
Accusations against the Deputies
After Thermidor, it was an obvious strategy to associate the Jacobins in the Convention with military excesses by charging them with having worn clothing made from the skins of victims of the Terror. According to Jean-Clément Martin, besides Barère, Vadier et Saint-Just, those implicated at one time or another included Billaud-Varenne, Drouet, Foussedoire, Javogues, Le Bas and Moulin (Un détail inutile, p. 61 et p. 144, note 103). The accusation was persistent and dogged surviving deputies for years to come. It is difficult to pinpoint exact origins; the only written sources date from Restoration. In later accounts the accusation is usually loosely associated with speculation concerning the tannery at Meudon.
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| "Cannibals are not capable of remorse" plate from Prudhomme's Dictionnaire des individus envoyés à la mort judiciairement (1796) http://www.bibliorare.com/wp-content/uploads/j-r-geoffroy-y-bequet-s-v-v-royan-livres-xvie-xviiie-illustres-xxe-cartes-estampes-samedi-3-decembre-2016-14h15-hotel-des-ventes/155_1.jpg |
Histoire impartiale des révolutions de France, vol.VIII (1824) p.390
https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JeZBAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA320#v=onepage&q&f=false
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Saint-Just, who was not around to defend himself, was often singled out. A particularly nasty accusation, with overtones of sexual perversion, appeared in Harmand de la Meuse's memoirs of the Revolution, published in 1820:A young woman, tall and shapely, had refused Saint-Just's advances; he had her taken to the scaffold. After the execution he wanted to have the corpse shown to him and the skin removed. When this vile outrage had been committed, he had the skin prepared by an oil tanner and wore it as breeches. I heard this revolting fact from the actual person charged with these preparations, the man who actually satisfied the monster. He told me further details that I do not care to repeat, in my office in the Committee of General Security in the presence of two other people who are still living.
Jean-Baptiste Harmand de la Meuse, "Sur Saint-Just", Anecdotes relatives à quelques personnes, et à plusieurs événements remarquables de la Révolution (1820)
https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EiZbAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA78&lpg=PA78
This dubious tale has recently gained extra currency due to its appearance in Assassin's Creed: Unity, where it forms the basis of a discreet piece of gameplay, "Coat of Arms"; the tannery (in Paris rather than Meudon) is splendidly gory:
Jean-Baptiste Harmand de la Meuse was Saint-Just's colleague in the National Convention in 1792-94, but the anecdote does not belong to his original work of 1814; it appeared only in the posthumous edition of 1820 which contained twelve new chapters "suppressed by the original censor". Clearly by a different hand, the additions were a literary embellishment designed to make the work more sensationalist. Neither the name of the woman nor a definite date is given. Later in the same section the author stretches his credibility by insisting that Revolutionaries produced oil from human corpses, which was sold for enamellers' lamps.
Anne Quenneday, president of the Association pour la sauvegarde de la Maison de Saint-Just was so indignant that she was driven to quote the inventory from the sale of Saint-Just's personal effects in Year III: his wardrobe contained no human skin, just a blue cloth coat, and two pairs of breeches, one in buckskin ("en peau de daim"), and the other again in blue cloth
.
In November 1793 the Convention founded an establishment for munitions production and research in the former château at Meudon. It was controlled by a Commission of prominent scientists, engineers and military experts, who included such worthies as the chemists Fourcroy, Berthollet and Guyton de Morveau and the mathematician Claude Chappe, inventor of the optical telegraph. The work - concerning gunpowder,cartridges, incendiary devices, aerostatics and such like - took place in strict military secrecy and there were large numbers of mysterious comings and goings, mostly the transport of munitions towards the frontier.
According to the 19th-century writer Georges Duval rumours of a secret tannery were rife at the time:
I can neither confirm or deny it... but I can tell you what everyone believed... that at Meudon the locals showed with strange terror the windows of the lower room of the old château where they claimed that horrible "manipulations" took place; each night they heard the rumbling of covered waggons, which brought the decapitated bodies of the executed from the place de la Revolution to feed the tannery.
Georges Duval, Souvenirs de la Terreur, vol.4 (1842) p.355
https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OsZBAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA355#v=onepage&q&f=false
Unsurprisingly, the records of the Convention do not yield any corroboration. After Thermidor, some initial concerns were raised about security at Meudon; Barras proposed to the Committee of Public Safety that two Representatives be sent to investigate but his proposal was not adopted; Barère produced a report, calming fears and pointing out need for military secrecy. The Thermidoreans Bentabolle and Fréron exploited the establishment as a weapon to discredit the Terrorists; Fréron in particular presented it as the centre of vast plot against public liberty - but he made no reference to any illicit tannery. Nor is there any mention in the denunciations or indictment of Billaud, Collot, Vadier and Barère; their official defence commended the "new machines and means of military defence" perfected at Meudon.
The accusations of the journalist Galletti
The first known published reference to the Meudon tannery appeared at the end of February 1795 to coincide with the initial moves against Billaud, Collot, Vadier and Barère. In number 872 of the Journal des Lois de la République, dated 26th February 1795, the Italian-born journalist Guglielmo Francesco Galletti reported in the section "Les on dit":
.... that our former leaders requisitioned the bodies of the guillotined, had them taken to Meudon, had them flayed and their skins tanned, and that Barère and Vadier wore boots made from the leather of their miserable victims.
https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eB8TAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA317#v=onepage&q&f=false
The following issue explained that the skin from guillotined bodies had been used to make footwear for soldiers and that "the first trials of this new leather had been devoted to making boots for Saint-Just and Barère". No wonder, he adds, that the government had taken such precautions to prevent anyone from entering the site!
The accusation was immediately taken up in other journals and repeated with relish by the abbé Proyart in his La vie et les crimes de Robespierre which was published shortly afterwards [1795, p. 279-80]
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k787399/f283
Galletti's key piece of evidence was the famous bookbinding belonging to Guillaume Villenave, now in the library of the Carnavalet. In an study published in 1872, the historian Louis Combes reproduced the text of a poster on blue paper which was sold with the book when it was auctioned in 1864. In it Galletti informs us that Barère and his colleagues had denied his charge - also by means of a "big blue poster", plastered all over the walls of Paris. He complains that he had been singled out for attack, even though he was not the first to make the allegations. If the tannery did not exist at Meudon, "it certainly existed elsewhere", since one of his subscribers has sent him a copy of the Constitution of 1793 printed in Dijon, chez Causse, and bound in human skin in imitation of natural calfskin (le veau fauve). It is a little suspicious to say the least that a book should suddenly be produced when all the other references are to trousers or boots. In all probablility Villenave, who was chief editor of Galletti's journal, orchestrated the whole episode; as Louis Combes observes, the only reason he would have wanted such a relic was as a confirmation of Republican atrocities. (Combes, "Les tanneries de peau humaine", p.22-23). Hopefully, the Anthropodermic Book Project will soon be allowed to examine the binding and we will know one way or another whether it is genuine human skin.
In the Convention Galletti was given short shrift. The only response was a letter from the Representatives at Meudon which denied "a malicious rumour, placed in several journals, that, under the former tyranny, human skins were tanned at Meudon to make leather". (Moniteur 11 ventôse , 2 March 1795) The Thermidorean Merlin de Thionville, stated categorically: "We are not in a century where human skins are tanned" (12 ventôse; Journal des Débats et décrets, no.890, cited Combes, p.15-16)
This is a superficially much more impressive source: the text of an official report, delivered on 14th August 1793, to the Commission des Moyens Extraordinaire pour la défense du pays by no less a personage than Saint-Just. It comes as no real surprise to learn that there never was such a report and that a Commission des Moyens Extraordinaire never really existed. The origin is a passage in the Souvenirs de la marquise de Créquy, a dubious confection first published in 1834-5 with many subsequent additions. The wording follows closely the abbé de Montgaillard's Histoire de France of 1827:
In the present climate of poverty and shortages, we must commend as an appreciable achievement, the discovery of a method for tanning, in a few days, leathers which had previously required several years of preparation. At Meudon human skin is tanned and the production leaves nothing to be desired either in quality or preparation. It is well known that Citizen Philippe-Égalité wears breeches of this sort, the material taken from the finest bodies of the executed. The skin that comes from men is of a consistency and quality superior to chamois. That of female subjects is more supple, but it lacks firmness due to the softness of the tissues.
Report of the Commission etc. 14th August 1793
Souvenirs de la marquise de Créquy (really by Cousin de Courchamps (1783-1849)): vol.7
https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=50gOAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA172#v=onepage&q&f=false
It would seem that it was the historian Émile Gabory, writing in 1927, who was responsible for the final part of the jigsaw, the reference to Saint-Just. Careful reading shows that Gabory simply juxtapositioned the general question, "Did Saint-Just not propose to use the hides of the dead?", with a quote from the report, without relating the two. Anne Quenneday expresses her surprise that he was taken in: "One must marvel that an archivist trained in the École des Chartes in the critical analysis of documents did not realise so crude a forgery as the report of the "Commission des moyens etc." (art. cit., note 8)
An industrial process?
A final element to the myth of Meudon, was the idea that the Revolutionaries dehumanised their victims to the extent of making the tanning of human skin into an industrial process. A certain Séguin, so the story goes, came to the Convention with a proposal for a new method of tanning and was set up at Meudon to process human hides on an industrial scale.
What people in Europe does not dismiss as a fable the establishment of a tannery of human skin at Meudon? However, it might be remembered that a man came to the bar of the Convention to announce a new and simple procedure for preparing an abundance of leather; that the Committee of Public Safety (of Carnot) granted him a site at the château of Meudon, whose doors were carefully closed, and finally that Barrère, Vadier and others were the first to wear boots made of human hide.
Auguste Danican, Les brigands démasqués (1796) p.186
https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=i5vnTqy33AsC&pg=PA186&lpg=PA186#v=onepage&q&f=false
Like all the best tall tales, this one only slightly distorts the truth. The events took place not in the Terror but after Thermidor, when the Committee of Public Safety charged Berthollet with rectifying the Republic's chronic shortage of leather. After many experiments Armand Séguin succeeded in using extracted tanin to speed up the production of leather and, by a decree of the Convention dated 14 Nivôse III, was made director of a new State tannery. The works was located not in the château of Meudon, but close by, on the Île-de-Sèvres (now Île Seguin) in the Seine - later well known as the site of the Renault car factory. Louis Combes gives short shrift to the idea that Séguin, who was soon tanning fifty thousand hides a year to supply the armies of the Empire, really bothered to experiment with human skins. (Combes p.19-20)
References
.
The tannery at Meudon
In November 1793 the Convention founded an establishment for munitions production and research in the former château at Meudon. It was controlled by a Commission of prominent scientists, engineers and military experts, who included such worthies as the chemists Fourcroy, Berthollet and Guyton de Morveau and the mathematician Claude Chappe, inventor of the optical telegraph. The work - concerning gunpowder,cartridges, incendiary devices, aerostatics and such like - took place in strict military secrecy and there were large numbers of mysterious comings and goings, mostly the transport of munitions towards the frontier.
According to the 19th-century writer Georges Duval rumours of a secret tannery were rife at the time:
I can neither confirm or deny it... but I can tell you what everyone believed... that at Meudon the locals showed with strange terror the windows of the lower room of the old château where they claimed that horrible "manipulations" took place; each night they heard the rumbling of covered waggons, which brought the decapitated bodies of the executed from the place de la Revolution to feed the tannery.
Georges Duval, Souvenirs de la Terreur, vol.4 (1842) p.355
https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OsZBAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA355#v=onepage&q&f=false
Unsurprisingly, the records of the Convention do not yield any corroboration. After Thermidor, some initial concerns were raised about security at Meudon; Barras proposed to the Committee of Public Safety that two Representatives be sent to investigate but his proposal was not adopted; Barère produced a report, calming fears and pointing out need for military secrecy. The Thermidoreans Bentabolle and Fréron exploited the establishment as a weapon to discredit the Terrorists; Fréron in particular presented it as the centre of vast plot against public liberty - but he made no reference to any illicit tannery. Nor is there any mention in the denunciations or indictment of Billaud, Collot, Vadier and Barère; their official defence commended the "new machines and means of military defence" perfected at Meudon.
The accusations of the journalist Galletti
.... that our former leaders requisitioned the bodies of the guillotined, had them taken to Meudon, had them flayed and their skins tanned, and that Barère and Vadier wore boots made from the leather of their miserable victims.
https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eB8TAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA317#v=onepage&q&f=false
The following issue explained that the skin from guillotined bodies had been used to make footwear for soldiers and that "the first trials of this new leather had been devoted to making boots for Saint-Just and Barère". No wonder, he adds, that the government had taken such precautions to prevent anyone from entering the site!
The accusation was immediately taken up in other journals and repeated with relish by the abbé Proyart in his La vie et les crimes de Robespierre which was published shortly afterwards [1795, p. 279-80]
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k787399/f283
Galletti's key piece of evidence was the famous bookbinding belonging to Guillaume Villenave, now in the library of the Carnavalet. In an study published in 1872, the historian Louis Combes reproduced the text of a poster on blue paper which was sold with the book when it was auctioned in 1864. In it Galletti informs us that Barère and his colleagues had denied his charge - also by means of a "big blue poster", plastered all over the walls of Paris. He complains that he had been singled out for attack, even though he was not the first to make the allegations. If the tannery did not exist at Meudon, "it certainly existed elsewhere", since one of his subscribers has sent him a copy of the Constitution of 1793 printed in Dijon, chez Causse, and bound in human skin in imitation of natural calfskin (le veau fauve). It is a little suspicious to say the least that a book should suddenly be produced when all the other references are to trousers or boots. In all probablility Villenave, who was chief editor of Galletti's journal, orchestrated the whole episode; as Louis Combes observes, the only reason he would have wanted such a relic was as a confirmation of Republican atrocities. (Combes, "Les tanneries de peau humaine", p.22-23). Hopefully, the Anthropodermic Book Project will soon be allowed to examine the binding and we will know one way or another whether it is genuine human skin.
In the Convention Galletti was given short shrift. The only response was a letter from the Representatives at Meudon which denied "a malicious rumour, placed in several journals, that, under the former tyranny, human skins were tanned at Meudon to make leather". (Moniteur 11 ventôse , 2 March 1795) The Thermidorean Merlin de Thionville, stated categorically: "We are not in a century where human skins are tanned" (12 ventôse; Journal des Débats et décrets, no.890, cited Combes, p.15-16)
A bogus report of August 1794
In the present climate of poverty and shortages, we must commend as an appreciable achievement, the discovery of a method for tanning, in a few days, leathers which had previously required several years of preparation. At Meudon human skin is tanned and the production leaves nothing to be desired either in quality or preparation. It is well known that Citizen Philippe-Égalité wears breeches of this sort, the material taken from the finest bodies of the executed. The skin that comes from men is of a consistency and quality superior to chamois. That of female subjects is more supple, but it lacks firmness due to the softness of the tissues.
Report of the Commission etc. 14th August 1793
Souvenirs de la marquise de Créquy (really by Cousin de Courchamps (1783-1849)): vol.7
https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=50gOAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA172#v=onepage&q&f=false
It would seem that it was the historian Émile Gabory, writing in 1927, who was responsible for the final part of the jigsaw, the reference to Saint-Just. Careful reading shows that Gabory simply juxtapositioned the general question, "Did Saint-Just not propose to use the hides of the dead?", with a quote from the report, without relating the two. Anne Quenneday expresses her surprise that he was taken in: "One must marvel that an archivist trained in the École des Chartes in the critical analysis of documents did not realise so crude a forgery as the report of the "Commission des moyens etc." (art. cit., note 8)
An industrial process?
A final element to the myth of Meudon, was the idea that the Revolutionaries dehumanised their victims to the extent of making the tanning of human skin into an industrial process. A certain Séguin, so the story goes, came to the Convention with a proposal for a new method of tanning and was set up at Meudon to process human hides on an industrial scale.
What people in Europe does not dismiss as a fable the establishment of a tannery of human skin at Meudon? However, it might be remembered that a man came to the bar of the Convention to announce a new and simple procedure for preparing an abundance of leather; that the Committee of Public Safety (of Carnot) granted him a site at the château of Meudon, whose doors were carefully closed, and finally that Barrère, Vadier and others were the first to wear boots made of human hide.
Auguste Danican, Les brigands démasqués (1796) p.186
https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=i5vnTqy33AsC&pg=PA186&lpg=PA186#v=onepage&q&f=false
See also: Joseph-François-Nicolas Dusaulchoy de Bergemont, "Tannerie de peau humaine" in Mosaique historique, littéraire et politique, vol. 1 (1818), p.145
https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gtE5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA145#v=onepage&q&f=false
https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gtE5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA145#v=onepage&q&f=false
Like all the best tall tales, this one only slightly distorts the truth. The events took place not in the Terror but after Thermidor, when the Committee of Public Safety charged Berthollet with rectifying the Republic's chronic shortage of leather. After many experiments Armand Séguin succeeded in using extracted tanin to speed up the production of leather and, by a decree of the Convention dated 14 Nivôse III, was made director of a new State tannery. The works was located not in the château of Meudon, but close by, on the Île-de-Sèvres (now Île Seguin) in the Seine - later well known as the site of the Renault car factory. Louis Combes gives short shrift to the idea that Séguin, who was soon tanning fifty thousand hides a year to supply the armies of the Empire, really bothered to experiment with human skins. (Combes p.19-20)
References
Louis Combes, "Les tanneries de peau humaine", Épisodes et curiosités révolutionnaires (1872), p.1-31
https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OsFCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false
Henri Allorge, "Tanneries de peau humaine", Le Courrier d'Epidaure. Revue médico-littéraire.... 1934/01, p.39-48
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6249845x/f46.item
Anne Quennedey, "Saint-Just dans Assassin's Creed Unity: une mise en point", Association pour la sauvegarde de la Maison de Saint-Just [website]
https://associationsaint-just.jimdo.com/mises-au-point/
https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OsFCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false
Henri Allorge, "Tanneries de peau humaine", Le Courrier d'Epidaure. Revue médico-littéraire.... 1934/01, p.39-48
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6249845x/f46.item
Anne Quennedey, "Saint-Just dans Assassin's Creed Unity: une mise en point", Association pour la sauvegarde de la Maison de Saint-Just [website]
https://associationsaint-just.jimdo.com/mises-au-point/
Excellent sleuthing, Rodama!
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