James Saint-John, 1787
It is easy to find lurid descriptions of torture instruments on the internet, but less easy to discover what was actually in use in 18th-century France. The following is again taken from Charles Beriat-Saint-Prix's study of 1859. Most later 19th-century writers simply repeat his research; and his basic sources have not been superseded. He assures us that, although not all the documents date from the reign of Louis XVI, the methods of torture were all still in use in 1788. There was a Baroque profusion of different practices. James Saint-John, an Irish visitor to France in 1787, remarked that that every town had its own variety of torture, "as if they delighted in making experiments of every kind of torment it were possible to inflict on their fellow creatures."(Letter reproduced by Geri Walton on her blog, see references) Most were variants of what was euphemistically called "extension" , either the rack or the estrapade where the subject was hoisted into the air with his feet weighted. However, there were other more inventive practices -foot roasting, applying boiling oil, water torture, even sleep deprivation.
A few preliminary comments:
Attempts at reform.
The imposition of a standard torture method had been debated in the context of the 1670 Ordonnance but rejected in favour of a general injunction to improve standards of safety. The jurist François Serpillon commented that this had been limited in success:
In the Conferences on this article, M. le premier Président [Lamoignon] said that it was desireable for methods of torture to be uniform; in certain places, torture was applied so crudely that the subject was subsequently unable to work, indeed was permanently crippled; which was not the Law's intention...
M. Pussort replied that the detailed description required to impose uniformity would be indecent in an Ordonnance: the law implied that Judges had a duty to guard against the condemned being crippled. This requirement has been badly understood and executed; for several of those subjected to torture have been crippled, even killed...
François Serpillon, Code criminel, (1767) vol. 3, p.908.
https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5ZQPAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA908#v=onepage&q&f=false
Some initiatives later took place within the juridiction of the Parlement of Paris. In 1695 and 1697 the Procurator-General Achilles de Harley, imposed the methods of Paris on seventeen bailliages (Beriat-Saint-Prix, items 95-107). In 1729 Chancellor Aguesseau reformed practices in another twenty-eight bailliages. However, the reach of these reforms was strictly limited. Lyon, despite being with the jurisidiction of the Parlement of Paris, retained its traditional torture methods. Charles Beriat-Saint-Prix could find no moves by any of the other Parlements. Cruel practices persisted; the methods of Dieppe and Avignon, for instance, were considered too dangerous to use on the regicide Damiens (108).
Was it effective?
As previously noted, some legal commentators expressed doubts. Charles Beriat-Saint-comments that he had examined accounts of the question préalable from Reims, Lyon, Toulouse, Nantes and Rouen and found no examples of valid confessions. He recalls the famous cases - Calas and La Grande Jeannette in Reims, who had been tortured ten times and given ten different responses.
Decline in use of torture
The general consensus is that torture, which had never been routine even in the 17th century, fell into gradual disuse in the 18th, when recourse to lesser penalties became more common. After 1750 the Parlements began to intervene to prevent the use of the question préparatoire, as the Parlement of Toulouse did in the Calas case. They also decreed the death penalty less frequently and often ordered the accusued strangled before being burnt at the stake or broken on the wheel. Lawyers expressed reservations and high-profile miscarriages of justice encouraged opprobrium.
The Thucydide article "Torture" quotes some supporting statistics mostly drawn from, Jean-Marie Carbasse, Histoire du droit pénal et de la justice criminelle, Paris, PUF, 2000, p.365.
- The Conseil Souverain of Roussillon in Perpignan ordered torture for the last time in 1737.
- In the records for the Parlement of Bourgogne (Dijon) torture was unsed in only 63 cases out of 6000 in the 18th century. It was employed for the last time in 1766. (This must refer to the question préparatoire: see Dijon below for a death under torture in 1780s).
- In Brittany, torture was used only eleven times between 1750 and 1780.
- The Parlement of Flanders in Douai, resorted to torture in 12% of cases in 1721-30; this fell to only 3% between 1771 and 1780.
- When Louis XVI abolished question préparatoire in 1780, he was confirming an evolution which had already occurred. The Procurator General of the Parlement of Grenoble - where Servan had served - wrote to the Keeper of the Seals: "The company registered the declaration with the greater satisfaction since it ceased to employ ..the question préparatoire thirty years ago; nothing can be more worthy of your humanity than to abolish a practice which is both barbaric and useless."
Here is Charles Beriat-Saint-Prix's gazeteer:
PARIS
In Paris and the vast jurisdiction of the Parlement of Paris (that is about a third of France) two methods were employed: Extension avec l'eau and Les brodequins. The first had once been more common, with the second reserved for winter, and for subjects with a weak disposition. By the later 18th century, however,only les brodequins was in use. This was regarded as less dangerous, though "extremely painful".
Extension avec l'eau
To apply "extension with water", the prisoner was seated on a sort of stone stool. First, iron rings were attached around his wrists, 80 centimetres apart. These were then fixed to the wall behind him at a height of at least a metre. A further two rings were placed round his feet and attached to the floor, at a distance of four metres from the wall. The ropes were pulled taut. When the body of the accused was fully stretched, a trestle measuring least 66 centimetres in height was passed under the ropes, as close as possible to the rings on the subject's feet. The torturer, aided by a assistant with a hollowed-out cow horn, took his nose and held it in such a way that he was forced to swallow. Water was poured into the horn and the accused obliged to drink: four jugs, each of two pintes and a chopine [?two quarts and a pint] for the question ordinaire; and four more for the question extraordinaire. A trestle of 1 metre 12 centremetres was also used for the latter. The accused was interrogated after the trestle was in position and after each jug of water was applied.
Les Brodequins
For the torture aux brodequins, the prisoner was made to sit and his hands were tied. Each of his legs was placed between two planks of wood, fastened at the the knees and ankles. In addition the four planks were bound together. Wooden wedges were then hammered between the two planks, which touched the legs at the knees and ankles. The question ordinaire uses four wedges, the extraordinary four more. The prisoner was questioned after each wedge was inserted (94)
Serpillon reproduces in his Code criminel the instructions issued in 1697 on the administration of the two tortures
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| The poisoner Derues is put to the torture before his execution in 1777. Engraving. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b69425180 |
The reforms of Chancellor Harley
On 14th December 1695 an arrêt of the Parlement of Paris imposed the Parisian methods on the bailliage of Saint-Pierre-le-Moutier. In a fascinating vignette, the Procurator General Achille de Harley recounts to the assembled magistrates of the Grand'Chambre and Tournelle his chance encounter with the horrors of torture:
He had found himself at Saint-Pierre-le-Moutier on his way back from Vichy, and some of his servants, out of curiosity, had gone to see where justice was administered. The Concierge had taken them to the room where the condemned were tortured. They had been extremely surprised to see enormous weights; these were attached to the feet and hands of the tortured person, who was hoisted 22 to 23 feet in the air. The Concierge said that he was not surprised at their astonishment: in the last few years, there had been two accidents which had greatly troubled the officials of the bailliage. In the first a man had died under torture, and in the second a woman had had her hand torn right off. When [Achilles de Harlay] heard this, he summoned the officials to him. The Lieutenant-General and the Criminal Assessor reported that these accidents had indeed occurred and that the memory horrified them. The officials were moved by pity and wanted the method changed; since they did not have the power themselves, they willingly asked the Parlement to impose its authority. (96)
In January 1697, following further investigations, the Parlement imposed uniformity on nine other baillages: Orléans, Sézanne, Vitry-le-François, Mâcon, Chartres, Blois, Baugé, Montargis Saint-Dizier (97-106) In 18 April 1697 another seven were included: Angers, La Flèche, Riom, Mans, Châteaugontier, Mamers and Laval (107).
d'Aguesseau
The manuscript, an alphabetical list of bailliages and their tortures, was published in full by Paul Bondais, who described it as a "hallucinating jardin des supplices"
Bondais, "La torture dans le ressort du Parlement de Paris au XVIIIe siècle". Annales historiques de la Révolution française, 1928,Vol.5, p. 322-337. [On JStor]
http://www.jstor.org/stable/41923766.
The torture of Damiens
In 1757, for the trial of Damiens, the Parlement of Paris considered using a torture other than les brodequins: "they debated what method of torture to use for this occasion". The Procurator General gathered reports which were referred to the doctors and surgeons of the Court. The manuscripts contain descriptions of tortures practised in Avignon and Dieppe, both of which were rejected as too dangerous. The unanimous verdict was that les brodequins was the method least susceptible to accidents.
The doctors attended to ensure that the torture was as prolonged and painful as possible without the condemned man losing consciousness or dying. MM.Boyer and Foubert, doctors employed by the Parlement, suggested that les brodequins could be made more effective by leaving a longer interval between the insertion of each wedge. This seems to have been implemented: the summary which prefaces the trial record, mentions Damiens' "terrible cries and howls" which were renewed with the each wedge, at intervals of a quarter-of-an-hour. He was tortured for two-and-a-quarter hours in total.(109)
LYON
In Lyon different methods were employed for the ordinary and the extraordinary tortures. Beriat Saint-Prix's information comes from accounts of trials which took place as late as 1759 and 1765.
The ordinary torture involved a sort of rack called le Tour. The prisoner was laid out on a frame, his wrists attached to iron rings on one wall, and his legs tied by ropes to a crank on the wall opposite. He was then "extended" violently three times (applications were known as "traits de corde")
For the "extraordinary" question, called les Mêches, the prisoner was then taken down and wads of cotton treated with sulphur placed between his fingers and toes. These were set alight: the right hand first, then the left hand, then the right foot, then the left. The subject was interrogated before being tied to the tour, after each trait de corde, and before each application of les Mêches.
In 1759, doctors judged that the condemned man, a certain Munié,had so badly ulcerated a leg that the tour was likely to pull his foot right off; he was subjected to les Mêches instead. In the event, Munié withstood the torture and saved his revelations for the foot of the scaffold.(110)
The ordinary torture involved a sort of rack called le Tour. The prisoner was laid out on a frame, his wrists attached to iron rings on one wall, and his legs tied by ropes to a crank on the wall opposite. He was then "extended" violently three times (applications were known as "traits de corde")
For the "extraordinary" question, called les Mêches, the prisoner was then taken down and wads of cotton treated with sulphur placed between his fingers and toes. These were set alight: the right hand first, then the left hand, then the right foot, then the left. The subject was interrogated before being tied to the tour, after each trait de corde, and before each application of les Mêches.
In 1759, doctors judged that the condemned man, a certain Munié,had so badly ulcerated a leg that the tour was likely to pull his foot right off; he was subjected to les Mêches instead. In the event, Munié withstood the torture and saved his revelations for the foot of the scaffold.(110)
METZ
The Parlement of Metz also had distinct procedures for the ordinary and extraordinary tortures. The first employed thumbscrews (les grésillons). For the question extraordinaire, iron chains were placed round the legs and tightened (les jarretières) (111)
NANCY
In the jurisdiction of the Parlement de Nancy, in the Duchy of Lorraine, the Duchy of Bar, Le Bassigny, Toul and Verdun,
the ordinary torture was the again the thumbscrew. The extraordinary was l'Échelle, another type of rack. This device resembled an ordinary ladder with a winch attached. One end rested on the ground and the other was raised on a trestle to about a metre in height. The accused was fastened down and his hands tied to the winch, so that his body could be stretched. A piece of wood might be inserted behind his back as a refinement, and sometimes he might be made to swallow water. In earlier times, the prisoner's arms or legs were sometimes tied to the rungs of the ladder with ropes which were then twisted using wooden batons (les "tortillons") so that they cut into the flesh. This practice was apparently abandoned at the beginning of the eighteenth century.See Charles Emmanuel Dumont Justice criminelle des duchés de Lorraine et de Bar (1848)
https://archive.org/details/justicecriminell01dumouoft/page/n101
The illustrations are from this book.
BESANÇON
The jurisdiction of the Parlement of Besançon was one of several areas in France where variants of the Italian torture called l'estrapade (in Italian strappado or la corda) were still in use. The condemned man had his hands tied behind his back with a rope attached to them in order to hoist him into the air. The other end of the rope was fixed to a pulley mounted on "une Grande Machine de Bois", and worked by a sort of windlass (une tour). For the extraordinary torture, weights were suspended on the prisoner's toes and, "to make him feel more pain", he would be shaken by striking the rope with a baton.
See: Muyart de Vouglans, Institutes au droit criminel (1757), p.403.
https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k105081p/f421.image
DIJON
In Dijon and almost all the baillages dependent on the Parlement of Bourgogne, they used a method known as the Moine du camp [?Moine de Caen]. This seems to have been form of estrapade very similar to the one employed in Besançon.
See:
Clément-Janin Le Morimont de Dijon : bourreaux et suppliciés (1889)
https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k55574783/f91.item
This study informs us that torture took place in Dijon both in the Hôtel de Ville and the Palais de Justice. In the late 19th century the torture room in the Palais still survived, humid and cold, with gothic arches and huge iron hooks in the ceiling. The prisoner was made to fast. The writer adds the detail that he was forced to drink a little wine, in case he had eaten soap, which was supposed to dull the pain and promote unconsciousness. He heard the judgment against him, was examined by the doctor, then seated on the sellette and subjected to preliminary interrogation.
The procedure then ensued. The condemned man was attached by the hands and feet to a heavy stone, with an iron ring set in it. A rope was passed round his body behind his back and fixed to the ceiling. This cable ran on a winch set into the wall and furnished with rachets which enabled the machine to be stopped at intervals,the subject violently jerked down, then interrogated. The torture terminated when the stretched-out body began to drag the stone. For question extraordinaire a heavier stone was used. The prisoner could be revived with eau ardente, and rubbed with red soap to restore movement to his limbs.
James Saint-John, the Irish visitor to France, has the following detailed description:
At Dijon in Burgundy, when they give the question, they tie together the prisoner’s wrists behind his body. To the wrists they fasten a rope, which they pass through a pulley at the ceiling, and then bringing down the other extremity, fasten it to a windlass. When the evangelists turn the windlass, the prisoner perceives his hands to be drawn up to the back part of his head. On turning the windlass somewhat more, he finds himself absolutely elevated from the ground, the whole weight of his body depending upon his wrists tied together. They then roll a small piece of linen round his great toe, and fasten it with thread; this is necessary to prevent the rope which they afterwards tie to it from slipping. They then hang by a rope to his great toe one hundred and fifty pounds weight for the ordinary question, and two hundred pounds weight for the extraordinary question. The windlass is then turned, until the miserable creature absolutely bears up the weight from the ground. His shoulder-blades appear almost separated from his body, and the bones at the articulations of the wrists, elbows, knee, and ankle, are dragged from one another, so as remarkably to increase the length of the body. They then unturn the windlass and let him fall down with a jirk: at the very instant, his bones at the joints are drawn back by the elastic spring of the muscles and tendons, and slap together with loud and violent shocks, which dart through the whole frame the most inexpressible agony. They then draw him up higher and higher, letting him fall down each time with sudden velocity; until finding him persevere, they draw him up with the weight suspended to his great toe to the very pulley at the ceiling; but he is then generally so overcome by the torments, that he is seized with a violent fever, which renders him stupidly insensible, or sets him to sleep.
Already in 1642 the ordeal had been considered too dangerous; the Procurator-General wanted it modified but other members of the Parlement feared that this would compromise its effectiveness. In 1642 for the notorious trial of Philippe Giroux, this method was replaced by les escarpins (foot roasting). Giroux's servant Eléonore Cordier lost the use of her feet for life.(114)
It is reported in several secondary sources that the last torture by the Parlement of Dijon was in 1766, but if so, this must apply to the question préparatoire. There are certainly several examples of the question préalable being applied in the 18th century. Clément-Janin mentions: in 1742-5 the case of the "sorcerers of Lyon", 29 individuals accused of magical practices, and in the 1770s, three different cases of women tortured and burnt at the stake.
In March 1782 Claude Gentile was wrongly condemned for attacking and robbing a hermit. He was put to the torture to reveal his accomplices. A printed pamplet describes his escalating agony as he endured six turns of the Moine du camp: "A great cry escaped from him and he responded: My God...the martyrs did not suffer more than me, and I have done nothing wrong". When the surgeon decided he could endure no more, Gentile retracted the admissions he had made under torture.
See: Causes célèbres, vol. 154 (1787) p.75
https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=60NhAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA75
In the bailliage of Autun (Parlement of Bourgogne / Dijon) l'Huile bouillante - boiling oil - was used as follows:
The condemned was placed in a sort of brodequins or boots made of absorbent leather, which covered his feet and legs up to the knee. Wearing only his shirt, was then tied down on a trolley about six inches off the ground. The torturer would roll the trolley before a great wood and coal fire, where a cauldron was suspended which contained twelve pints of boiling oil. The oil would be poured onto the boots, so that it penetrated the leather and burned the prisoner's legs and feet. The interrogation normally lasted an hour-and-a-half to two hours, depending on the accusations; it was acknowledged that this was the longest time that the torture could be endured.
This description is given in 1767 by François Serpillon (1695-1772), who held office in Autun for thirty-eight years. He commented that theirs was the only jurisdiction to conserve this torture, which was said to have once taken place all over France and was "one of the worst, most cruel and longest" He had only seen the procedure used twice. On the first occasion, under his predecessor, a terrible accident had occurred; the table had been brought too close to fire, the boots had caught fire and the prisoner had been so badly burnt that both his legs had had to be amputated. "As a result, the interrogation was cut short and the accused released, minus two of his limbs. He lived for thirty years afterwards, without feet, indeed without his legs".
A legal commentary by Carnot, a barrister in Dijon before 1789, adds more detail. Having been released, the maimed prisoner left on crutches and took up vigil at the gate of the lieutenant criminel. Whenever he left his house, the mutilated man greeted him respectfully, and without any direct reproach accompanied him to the Palais, or out on his walk, then followed him home. At night he slept on a bench opposite the magistrate's house. Neither inclement weather, nor any threats and promises, could put an end to this silent vengeance, which lasted more than ten years. The lieutenant was said to have died of grief as a result.
Serpillon goes on the describe the second occasion:
"Twenty-five years ago we were forced to condemn to the question préparatoire, a certain Auribaut...He was accused of a dozen crimes, most of them murders committed on the highway, but his guilt had not been proven. I took every possible precaution to avoid the "inconvenience" suffered by my predecessor. I made sure the trolley did not approach the fire too closely; but the great number of crimes meant that the interrogation lasted more than two hours. The prisoner's torment was so great, that his continual screaming prevented him hearing or replying. He was, however, so robust that he withstood the torture without confessing anything; he was released. The toes of both his feet were so burnt away, that they had to pull the bones out with a pair of pliers."
After these accidents, the magistrates of Autun abandoned the question préparatoire altogether. As Serpillon observed, it had the added disadvantage that it was applied "sans réserve", so that those who withstood it could not be condemned to the galleys.
François Serpillon, Code criminel, ou commentaire sur l'ordonnance de 1670 (1767) vol. 3, p.907-8.
https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5ZQPAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA908#v=onepage&q&f=false
Frontispiece to Vol. 9 of the Comedies by the Italian playwright Carlo Goldini (1761).
In the text Goldini recalls his time working at the Criminal Chancellery in Chioggia, where he rapidly became used to the horrors of torture.
In the text Goldini recalls his time working at the Criminal Chancellery in Chioggia, where he rapidly became used to the horrors of torture.
AVIGNON
In Avignon and the Comtat Venaissin, the question ordinaire involved l'estrapade, suspending the accused with weights on his feet. It was rarely used after the reunion of the Comtat with France in 1768. For the question extraordinaire, the Roman Veglia or la Veille - sleep deprivation - was used. The prisoner was stripped naked. His hands were tied behind his back and attached to a pulley fixed on the floor. He was then tied by his feet and by ropes around his body to hooks set into the walls. Thus immobilised, he perched on an wooden stool called la veille which was four feet high, with the seat carved into the form of six-sided diamond. This shape meant that the base of the spine and the coccyx supported the whole weight of the body. A physician and surgeon were on hand to guard against the prisoner losing consciousness. If he did, he would be taken down, put to bed, given cordials and restoratives then set up again. The torture took six hours in all, which was measured with an hour glass. A note attached to a memoir in the Damiens trial, remarked that a mirror could be placed in front of the prisoner's face to make him aware of his haggard condition.
The effect of the la Veille was not immediate but it was assured. An Avignon surgeon who was called to Paris at the time of the Damiens trial, reported that ten years previously, a condemned man had been tortured for seven quarters of an hour without saying a word; at this point he had suddenly started to groan and scream, and finally fainted. After an hour-and-a-half, he had been reattached to the veille and had agreed to confess (118)
TOULOUSE
For Toulouse, the information given by Charles Berriat-Saint-Prix can be supplemented by a local study:
Victor Molinier, La Torture, étude historique et philosophique (Toulouse, 1879)
https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5809398g
In Toulouse there were three procedures: for the question ordinaire, a method called les Boutons; for the question extraordinaire, a form of water torture called le Voile, or for women, le Mordache. It was common practice for a prisoner to be subjected to both ordinary and extraordinary tortures, in the case of a convicted criminal, one after the other.
The condemned was deprived of food for a day, then taken to the Hôtel de Ville, where there was a place set aside, near the prisons, called the chambre de la Géhenne. The torture sessions were attended by the commissioners of the commissaires of the Parlement, two Capitouls from the town council, a Crown representative and a Court official. The condemned was brought before them, and put to the torture as described.
Les Boutons
Les Boutons was another variant of l'estrapade - the exact details are difficult to reconstruct:
It seems that the prisoner was made to sit on a frame (the bouton); his hands were tied by a rope behind his back; a second, longer rope was then attached to his wrists, with its far end fixed to a high pulley. This rope was tightened using a winch or tour operated by two men, who "elevated" the prisoner so as to stretch out his body. The ends of the first rope, which bound his hands, ran on two cylinders called Days, which were worked by a second pair of assistants. His feet were chained to the bouton on which the torturer used his feet to apply pressure to the taut body.
Jean Calas underwent this torture in 1762. According to the procès verbal, Calas was "put on the bouton" and "elevated"; there is mention of "guards working the tour" and "valets holding the cordes". The executioner is described as having his feet "on the bouton" attached to Calas's feet. The torture is applied in two stages, called "first bouton" and "second bouton" (122)
Woodcuts from Jean Millaeus's Praxis criminalis (Paris 1541) show a remarkably similar device in use in Toulouse in the 16th century - here a massive stone weights down the feet of the condemned man. The Italian physician Paolo Zacchia (1584-1659) apparently considered that suspension alone, even with sudden releases, would not dislocate joints.. Here, however, the wretched prisoner, suspended in the air, suffered a double traction, from both above and below.
Le Voile
The question extraordinaire was called le Voile (the "veil") The prisoner was first immobilised on a trestle. His mouth was forced open with small pieces of bread and his face covered with a moist cloth or voile, with a pocket on the mouth. He was then forced to swallow a certain number of cruchets of water, poured through the cloth. For Calas ten were prescribed; as many as twenty-five are attested. At a given point the face was uncovered to allow interrogation. The prisoner would have tremendous difficulty in breathing. According to Zacchia, the method was extremely dangerous and could result in "congestion of the brain". The miserable Bermon is reported as having lost consciousness in the midst of his torment in 1717, and in all probability died of asphyxiation.La Mordache
The Mordache, which was reserved for women, involved iron pincers which were applied to a bent leg in order to constrict the knee and thigh. Victor Molinier has a record of this torture from the Archives of the Parlement of Toulouse from as late as March 1778. Claire Raynaud, aged 43, was sentenced to be burned at the stake for poisoning her husband and was tortured to implicate her servant and accomplice. She was first subjected to "trois boutons", then to three applications of the mordache. The wretched woman withstood all this torture only to confess all when faced with the sight of the bonfire which awaited her.(122-3)
MONTAUBAN
Montauban employed the rack, called locally la question aux Cran. The Musée Ingres in the town still has the actual instrument, brought from the Maison d'arrêt where it still resided in Beriat Saint-Prix's time. The contraption consists of a bench 3 metres 40 centimetres long by 40 centimetres wide. One end is equipped with leg-restraints. Six holes along the length show where the subject was tied down. At the other end is cylinder shaped winch to which his arms were attached. Tension would be gradually applied, sometimes until surgeons present expressed concern for the prisoner's life. A record from 1765 mentions 22 crans for the question ordinaire with seven more for the extraordinaire .
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| Rack in the basement of the musée Ingres |
Here are some good photographs of the Montauban rack, taken by Pascal Basroger in 2007.
http://pabdailyphoto.blogspot.com/2007/10/torture-rack.html
NANTES AND RENNES
In Nantes and Rennes the preferred method of torture was les Escarpins, known in the reign of Louis XV more descriptively as Chaussons souffrés au feu. The prisoner was made to lie on an iron trolley called le tourment, which ended in a sort of box which accommodated his feet. He was then wheeled, feet first, in proximity to a fire. He would be repeatedly roasted, interrogated then wheeled back to answer. The number of approches seemed to have been at the questioner's discretion.
Charles Berriat-Saint-Prix consulted four descriptions of torture sessions from the records of the Présidial de Nantes, three from 1692 and one from 1760. Jean Magré in 1760 was "approached" to the fire most often - nine times. However, the tortures of 1692 seem to have been more extreme: "One HEARD the screams of the tortured man, one SAW him writhe in the fire". One of those condemned eventually admitted highway robbery, but later retracted his confession, since "all he said was through fear of torture and to avoid the fire".(125)
ROUEN AND DIEPPE
Finally in Rouen and Dieppe, subjects were elevated by their thumb or finger nails; a "Machines de Fer" called un valet was sometimes employed to constrict a leg. The extraordinary torture had the addition of a particularly horrible procedure known as question aux Flûtes.
The details are decribed in a deposition submitted at the time of the Damiens trial to the Royal Council (which rejected it as too dangerous)
In the torture chamber there is a winch set in the wall, from which a rope runs which passes through a pulley fixed to a joist on the ceiling. From this rope hangs a stapler or pincers (called grésillons). The subject's hands are tied behind his back and his two thumbs are seized in the pincers, by the nails alone. The torturer then tightens the winch, little by little, in order to raise the arms, then the whole body of the condemned man, as far as the ceiling. If the subject consents to talk, he is taken down and seated on a sellette; if he does not, he is hoisted up repeatedly, which can take a long time. This is the question ordinaire.
For the extraordinary torture, which is reserved for those condemned to death, a similar procedure is carried out, with a weight of fifty livres attached to each of the subject's feet. In addition, when he is taken down, les flûtes are applied; he is made to join his hand together, as though in prayer, and between each of his figures is placed a little piece of polished wood; these are then screwed down to flatten his fingers.
It is easy to imagine the pain that the elevation of the subject causes. Sometimes the bones pop out of their joints, but there is always a surgeon to put them back in place... I myself have used the torture WITH SUCCESS. It is rare for the condemned to come away without confessing their crimes; some have borne the torture for twenty-four hours.
These observations agree with the records from the archives in Rouen. These include accounts of the question ordinaire, applied to a Michel Pin in 1770; and the question ordinaire and question extraordinaire applied in 1786 and 1788 to Giles Chappé and the widow Cornu. The torture of Michel Pin lasted more than five hours; that of Chappé more than eight hours. The torture of the widow Cornu also lasted a long time during which she fainted several times. Neither Chappé nor the Widow Cornu could sign their procès-verbal, since their thumbs and fingers had been crushed.(126)
Referenceshttp://pabdailyphoto.blogspot.com/2007/10/torture-rack.html
NANTES AND RENNES
In Nantes and Rennes the preferred method of torture was les Escarpins, known in the reign of Louis XV more descriptively as Chaussons souffrés au feu. The prisoner was made to lie on an iron trolley called le tourment, which ended in a sort of box which accommodated his feet. He was then wheeled, feet first, in proximity to a fire. He would be repeatedly roasted, interrogated then wheeled back to answer. The number of approches seemed to have been at the questioner's discretion.
Charles Berriat-Saint-Prix consulted four descriptions of torture sessions from the records of the Présidial de Nantes, three from 1692 and one from 1760. Jean Magré in 1760 was "approached" to the fire most often - nine times. However, the tortures of 1692 seem to have been more extreme: "One HEARD the screams of the tortured man, one SAW him writhe in the fire". One of those condemned eventually admitted highway robbery, but later retracted his confession, since "all he said was through fear of torture and to avoid the fire".(125)
ROUEN AND DIEPPE
Finally in Rouen and Dieppe, subjects were elevated by their thumb or finger nails; a "Machines de Fer" called un valet was sometimes employed to constrict a leg. The extraordinary torture had the addition of a particularly horrible procedure known as question aux Flûtes.
The details are decribed in a deposition submitted at the time of the Damiens trial to the Royal Council (which rejected it as too dangerous)
In the torture chamber there is a winch set in the wall, from which a rope runs which passes through a pulley fixed to a joist on the ceiling. From this rope hangs a stapler or pincers (called grésillons). The subject's hands are tied behind his back and his two thumbs are seized in the pincers, by the nails alone. The torturer then tightens the winch, little by little, in order to raise the arms, then the whole body of the condemned man, as far as the ceiling. If the subject consents to talk, he is taken down and seated on a sellette; if he does not, he is hoisted up repeatedly, which can take a long time. This is the question ordinaire.
For the extraordinary torture, which is reserved for those condemned to death, a similar procedure is carried out, with a weight of fifty livres attached to each of the subject's feet. In addition, when he is taken down, les flûtes are applied; he is made to join his hand together, as though in prayer, and between each of his figures is placed a little piece of polished wood; these are then screwed down to flatten his fingers.
It is easy to imagine the pain that the elevation of the subject causes. Sometimes the bones pop out of their joints, but there is always a surgeon to put them back in place... I myself have used the torture WITH SUCCESS. It is rare for the condemned to come away without confessing their crimes; some have borne the torture for twenty-four hours.
These observations agree with the records from the archives in Rouen. These include accounts of the question ordinaire, applied to a Michel Pin in 1770; and the question ordinaire and question extraordinaire applied in 1786 and 1788 to Giles Chappé and the widow Cornu. The torture of Michel Pin lasted more than five hours; that of Chappé more than eight hours. The torture of the widow Cornu also lasted a long time during which she fainted several times. Neither Chappé nor the Widow Cornu could sign their procès-verbal, since their thumbs and fingers had been crushed.(126)
Charles Berriat-Saint-Prix, Des tribunaux et de la procédure du grand criminel au XVIIIe siècle jusqu'en 1789 avec des recherches sur la question ou torture (Paris 1859), p.74-
https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FtkzAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA74#v=onepage&q&f=false
"Torture in18th-century France: an Irishman's view" Geri Walton, post of 10.10.2016. (An extract from James Saint John, Letters from France to a Gentleman in the South of Ireland, 1788).
Transcription of an undated manuscript containing notes and illustrations for a planned museum of torture to be housed in the cellars of the Hôtel des Trois Maillets, rue St Julien le Pauvre. From the blog Collectissimo.
http://aubonblog.canalblog.com/archives/2006/05/23/1935189.html
Thank you for an absolutely fantastic site!
ReplyDeleteI have a question you might not be able to answer, but I'll give it a try:
If a newborn child died, that was not of nobility, where would he/she be buried if the parents was workers at the Versailles castle?
Thank you for your comment. Sorry, I can't help with the query - it would really depend whether the child was baptised or not before it died?
DeleteInteresting article. Really sheds light on capital punishment during the Ancien Regime.
ReplyDelete